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English literature --- Blacks --- Blacks in literature. --- Black authors --- Bio-bibliography --- Dictionaries. --- Intellectual life. --- Black people --- Black people in literature.

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Publiées sous un pseudonyme en 1781 et rééditées à la veille de la Révolution, les "Réflexions sur l’esclavage des nègres" de Condorcet sont à ce jour le seul texte qu’un philosophe ait consacré de façon exclusive à l’esclavage. Ce livre de réflexion s’interroge sur les préjugés qui s’opposent à l’ abolition de l’esclavage, et sur la meilleure méthode pour les combattre. Mais c’est aussi bien entendu un livre de dénonciation et de combat, au nom des Lumières, pour lutter contre l’influence des intérêts esclavagistes dans l’opinion française, préparer cette dernière à l’abolition de l’esclavage des noirs et convaincre un législateur "éclairé". Avec le recul, les limites de la pensée de Condorcet sont certes évidentes : il n’est lui-même pas exempt de préjugés à l’encontre des noirs esclaves, ne pense pas leur émancipation comme une entrée dans la citoyenneté, et ne se préoccupe pas sérieusement de leur éducation ou de leur situation économique. Pourtant, ces Réflexions sont bien un texte pionnier, sans doute le premier manifeste abolitionniste écrit en France. C’est aux hommes du XIXe siècle et pour une part aux esclaves eux-mêmes que reviendra le mérite de franchir le pas.

Slavery --- Blacks --- Slaves --- Antislavery movements --- Esclavage --- Noirs --- Esclaves --- Mouvements antiesclavagistes --- Early works to 1800 --- Social conditions --- Emancipation --- Ouvrages avant 1800 --- Conditions sociales --- Affranchissement --- Abolition --- Conditions sociales. --- Black people --- Early works to 1800. --- Enslaved persons

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Catherine M. Lewis is associate professor of history and coordinator of the Public History Program at Kennesaw State University. She is the author of a number of books, including, with J. Richard Lewis, Race, Politics, and Memory: A Documentary History of the Little Rock School Crisis (University of Arkansas Press), The Changing Face of Public History, and Don't Ask What I Shot: How Eisenhower's Love of Golf Helped Shape 1950's America.

Racism --- African Americans --- Bias, Racial --- Race bias --- Race prejudice --- Racial bias --- Prejudices --- Anti-racism --- Critical race theory --- Race relations --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- History --- Civil rights --- Segregation --- United States --- Sources --- Black people

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Focusing on the making of African American society from the 1896 "separate but equal" ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson up to the contemporary period, this encyclopedia traces the transition from the Reconstruction Era to the age of Jim Crow, the Harlem Renaissance, the Great Migration, the Brown ruling that overturned Plessy , the Civil Rights Movement, and the ascendant influence of African-American culture on the American cultural landscape.

African Americans --- Noirs américains --- History --- Encyclopedias. --- Biography --- Histoire --- Encyclopédies --- Biographie --- 973 --- Geschiedenis van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika (USA) --- 973 Geschiedenis van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika (USA) --- Noirs américains --- Encyclopédies --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- Encyclopedias --- 1877-1964 --- 1964 --- -Encyclopedias --- Black people

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Africa has always played a role in black identity, but it was in the tumultuous period between the two world wars that black Americans first began to embrace a modern African American identity. Throwing off the legacy of slavery and segregation, black intellectuals, activists, and organizations sought a prouder past in ancient Egypt and forged links to contemporary Africa. Their consciousness of a dual identity anticipated the hyphenated identities of new immigrants in the years after World War II, and an emerging sense of what it means to be a modern American.

African diaspora --- Afrikaanse diaspora --- Black diaspora --- Diaspora [Afrikaanse ] --- Diaspora africaine --- African Americans --- African diaspora. --- Noirs américains --- Africains --- History --- Race identity. --- Social conditions --- Histoire --- Identité ethnique --- Conditions sociales --- Ethnic Studies / African American Studies --- Ethnic & Race Studies --- Diaspora, African --- Negritude --- Human geography --- Africans --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- Migrations --- Ethnic identity --- 20th century --- 1877-1964 --- Race identity --- Black people --- Transatlantic slave trade